See rudden in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "copulation",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudder"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "rud"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
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"lang_code": "en",
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"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "copulation",
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"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudder"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense": "to spawn",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudd"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "to shake the head",
"word": "rudder"
}
],
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Unknown"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûden",
"t": "to change, transform, shed feathers, moult"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"t": "to moult"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ruden (“to moult”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûde",
"t": "mange, skin disease, scabby rash"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German rûde (“mange, skin disease, scabby rash”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "rude",
"t": "itch, rash"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch rude (“itch, rash”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūda"
},
"expansion": "Old High German rūda",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Räude",
"t": "mange"
},
"expansion": "German Räude (“mange”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hrūþō",
"t": "scab"
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"name": "der"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ryddan"
},
"expansion": "Old English ryddan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Compare Middle Low German rûden (“to change, transform, shed feathers, moult”), Middle Dutch ruden (“to moult”), Middle Low German rûde (“mange, skin disease, scabby rash”), Middle Dutch rude (“itch, rash”), Old High German rūda, rūdī, rūdo (“scab, sore”) (whence German Räude (“mange”)), all ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *hrūþō (“scab”). Compare also Old English ryddan, *hryddan (“to strip, clear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
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"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
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"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
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"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "rude",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddone",
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"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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},
"expansion": "rudden (third-person singular simple present ruddeth, present participle ruddende, ruddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rudded)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "rudd",
"inf2": "0"
},
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}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To rub between the hands; to rub oneself (with something); to move back and forwards on a surface"
],
"id": "en-rudden-enm-verb-pM6WIzGr",
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To rub between the hands; to rub oneself (with something); to move back and forwards on a surface:"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rubben"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To scratch to relieve itching."
],
"id": "en-rudden-enm-verb-Sl89ofzy",
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To scratch to relieve itching."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrudən/"
}
],
"word": "rudden"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
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"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
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"word": "ruden"
}
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"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 15 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 19 60",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 11 77",
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}
],
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],
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[
"ruden",
"ruden#Middle_English"
]
],
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}
],
"word": "rudden"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms with unknown etymologies",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "copulation",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudder"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "rud"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"sense": "copulation",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudder"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"sense": "to spawn",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "rudd"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
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"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
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],
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},
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},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"t": "to moult"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ruden (“to moult”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûde",
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},
"expansion": "Middle Low German rûde (“mange, skin disease, scabby rash”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "rude",
"t": "itch, rash"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch rude (“itch, rash”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rūda"
},
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Räude",
"t": "mange"
},
"expansion": "German Räude (“mange”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
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"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hrūþō",
"t": "scab"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hrūþō (“scab”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ryddan"
},
"expansion": "Old English ryddan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Compare Middle Low German rûden (“to change, transform, shed feathers, moult”), Middle Dutch ruden (“to moult”), Middle Low German rûde (“mange, skin disease, scabby rash”), Middle Dutch rude (“itch, rash”), Old High German rūda, rūdī, rūdo (“scab, sore”) (whence German Räude (“mange”)), all ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *hrūþō (“scab”). Compare also Old English ryddan, *hryddan (“to strip, clear”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
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]
},
{
"form": "rudden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddeth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yrudded",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "rude",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruddone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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"2": "verb",
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},
"expansion": "rudden",
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "rudden (third-person singular simple present ruddeth, present participle ruddende, ruddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rudded)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To rub between the hands; to rub oneself (with something); to move back and forwards on a surface"
],
"links": [
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"surface",
"surface"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To rub between the hands; to rub oneself (with something); to move back and forwards on a surface:"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rubben"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To scratch to relieve itching."
],
"links": [
[
"scratch",
"scratch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To scratch to relieve itching."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrudən/"
}
],
"word": "rudden"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
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"altform": "1"
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
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{
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{
"word": "ruden"
}
],
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"alternative form of ruden"
],
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[
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]
],
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"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "rudden"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rudden meaning in Middle English (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (03da280 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.